Evaluation of a Social Psychological Theory of Aggression...

Evaluation of a Social Psychological Theory of Aggression One of the most influential approaches to aggression is the social learning theory approach, put forward by Albert Bandura. According to this approach, most behaviour including aggressive behaviour is learned. Albert Bandura believed that aggression is learned through a process called behaviour modelling. He argued that individuals, especially children learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personality or through the media and environment. He stated that many individuals believed that aggression would produce reinforcements. These reinforcements can formulate into reduction of tension, gaining financial rewards, or gaining†¦show more content†¦He believed environmental experiences also had an influence on the social learning of violence in children. He reported that individuals that lived in high crime rate areas were more likely to act violently than those who lived in low crime areas. He also believed television was a source of behaviour modelling. Tod ay films and television shows illustrate violence graphically. Violence is often expressed as an acceptable behaviour. Since aggression is a prominent feature of many shows, children who have a high amount of exposure to the media may show a high degree of hostility themselves in imitation of the aggression they have witnessed. Bandura carried out a study on aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll. In the first stage of the study, children who had observed an adult model attack a Bobo doll were divided into three groups. Group 1 went straight into the playroom; Group 2 saw the model being rewarded for their aggression against the doll, while group 3 saw the adult model punished. In the second stage of the study, after the children had played with the doll, all the children were offered rewards to behave as the adult model had done. The results showed, in the first stage of the, group 3 children showed significantly less aggressive behaviour towards the dolls than group 1 and 2. In the second stage of the study, there was no difference between the groups in theShow MoreRelatedCue-Arousal Theory1557 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is Aggression Aggressive behaviour develop where an individual is being praised or rewarded for being forceful. Being praised or rewarded for such action, can be an encouragement and reinforcement to perform such behaviour in the future. According to (Cherry) aggression is the continuous, unacceptable behaviour that can cause physical and psychological harm to people in general, or objects in out surroundings. It is a behaviour that is self ascertained with hostility and harmful tones andRead MoreViolence Is Running Rampant Within Our Society1409 Words   |  6 Pagesresulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.† Sanctuary for Families estimates that between 2.3 and 10 million adolescents witness such aggressive behavior and violence within their own home each year in the United States (2014). Further, Sanctuary for Families indicates â€Å"that children who witness such violence are at risk for maladaptive responses in one or more of the following areas of functioning: (a) behavioral, (b) emotional, (c) social, (d) cognitive, and (e)Read MoreSocial Information Processing And Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesRelated to Social Information Processing and Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Tiffany L. Williams Post University Abstract This paper looks to examine several sources of research related to the development of aggressive behaviors, and criminality. The purpose of this is to assess several of the factors associated with aggression and criminal behaviors. The paper will focus on Crick and Dodge’s model of Social Information Processing, with specific emphasis on Hostile Attribution Bias theory. In exploringRead MoreThe Psychological Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture- Is Behavior Influenced By Innate Drives That We Are Born With1660 Words   |  7 Pagesable to interpret different situations and tailor their behaviour towards them. For decades, personality psychologists have heavily debated whether personality does determine behaviour and to what degree. This essay centres around the fundamental psychological debate of nature versus nurture- is behaviour influenced by innate drives that we are born with (traits) or the environment around us (situations)? In order to get a true understanding of this debate it is important to explicitly establish whatRead MoreAggression Is A Major Problem Of Society3085 Words   |  13 PagesGenerally, aggression is a behavior that is antagonistic and could be done without any provocation or could be because of retaliation. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) defined aggression as a â€Å"loose cluster of actions and motives . . .† with â€Å"the intent of one individual to hurt another† (p. 227). While there are a variety of ways in which people can harm one another, only a small percentage is caused by rational behavior (Buss, 1961). Physical psychological, economical, or societal damage are all consideredRead MoreThe Importance of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem1252 Words   |  5 Pageswhile the executive self is the active or behavioral self (Brown, 1998). Self-esteem and emotion. Self-esteem has been associated with a wide array of positive and negative emotions. Depending on the discipline, self-esteem has been linked to psychological states, such as depression and anxiety, to knowledge and competence, to shame and pride, to contentment and happiness, and to anger, hostility, and resentment. It is generally accepted that self-esteem is an important and central factor in theRead MoreThe Survival Value Of Emotions1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Survival Value of Emotions In evolutionary theories of emotion, such as those established by Darwin, and further expanded by Robert Plutchik and Paul Ekman, emotions developed historically as a result of natural selection and functioned primarily for our survival (Ekman, 1992, p.169; Laurentian University (LU), n.d. 3.1 ). To respond to these needs, emotions were adaptive, meaning they had survival value, and thus were selected specifically to aid in reproduction, the protection of young, cooperationRead MoreThe Self in Social Psychology and Implications for Counseling Practice3166 Words   |  13 Pagesare present in many social psychological topics. Research studies related to self-identity, self-concept, self-esteem and other core social constructs regarding self are abundant, and there is plenty of evidence suggesting the self can be described and compared to a plethora of social motives that are researched and reviewed throughout social psychology. However, for counseling psychologists, how do we make se nse and make use of the phenomena learned through social psychological research to help ourRead MoreEssay about Partner Abuse1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe range of violent encounters and includes physical assaults, sexual assaults, verbal assaults, intimidation, threats, extreme emotional or psychological neglect and even death. The hypothesis of this paper is do students believe that partner abuse is a problem on college campus. To find out this I will include a literary review, which will include theories of why it might occur and prof from other sources. Most important a survey given out to Curry college students and its results will be includedRead More Caregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior1143 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence. This idea is supported by other research stating that programs that help increase self-esteem can increase aggression (Baumeister et al., 1996). Their theory about psychotherapy is that it is an adaption rather than a disorder. Violence by psychopaths might be reduced through careful monitoring and supervision therefore increasing the likelihood of detection. The researchers theory begins to take a close look into a psychopaths childhood. The theorists determine that by means of close monitoring

Is Abortion A Medical Procedure - 966 Words

Abortion is the name given to a medical procedure, which involves the killing of a foetus, which is a baby. You are one in 250 million sperm cells that made it to the egg to create you surroundings Even at the 6th day you are special, around 2/3rd of embryos fail at this stage, but you made it. You proved that you were healthy enough to be embedded in your mothers lining. By week four your tiny little heart already has a beat. At week four your face has already started to take shape, and at 8 weeks later (week 12) your own unique finger tips are forming. At week 14 your immune system is starting to develop, a week later males are reaching the starting point of their testosterone levels males receive more at this stage and that is how their genitals are formed. Females receive less and that is why they don’t grow penises. At week 28 your eyes are beginning to see your surroundings. Limbs have fully developed by week 11 and you are able to flex them, this is when you are in the process of becoming a left or right handed person, which ever arm you stretched out more or favoured sucking one thumb. There are around 500 abortions per day in the UK; this means one in five pregnancies ending in abortion. This statistic is disgusting, an abortion is murder. If a woman cannot care for a child then she should not take the risk of becoming pregnant. Even the use of contraception is not 100% guaranteed to prevent all pregnancies, but at least the couple is trying to be safe. MostShow MoreRelatedAbortion : A Medical Procedure1213 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is, as defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"a medical procedure used to end a pregnancy and cause the death of the fetus.† A procedure done within the first 9 weeks of pregnancy is done with medicines and the effects are similar to that of a natural miscarriage. This medicine can also be used from 9-20 weeks into pregnancy with heavier doses of the medicine. From 7-15 weeks of pregnancy, a suction termination is performed. This is where they use anesthetic and a suction tube is insertedRead MoreAbortion Is A Medical Procedure Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is a medical procedure done to terminate a human pregnancy and is performed, generally, within the first 28 weeks of conception (WebMD, n.d.). In America, abortion is a hot button topic for debate. Many laws have been enacted and changed over the years to control who can or cannot have this procedure done throughout the states. Abortion has a vast history, variety of procedures, and some interesting data specific to the state of Arkansas. Even before Roe VS. Wade, women had been terminatingRead MoreAbortion : The Only Medical Procedure1251 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion in Queensland is the only medical procedure that is still considered a criminal offence in the Criminal Code Act 1999 (Qld). Since the abortion laws were introduced societies attitudes, safe medical practices and women’s status in Australian society have changed. As a result the current laws do not reflect modern day’s society’s view and does not effectively protect stakeholder’s rights. Abortion should be decriminalised and made legal up to 17 weeks. However abortion past 17 weeks can onlyRead MoreAbortion As A Medical Or Surgical Procedure1443 Words   |  6 Pages Abortion is described as a medical or surgical procedure to remove a fetus and the placenta from a woman’s uterus by a trained healthcare worker (Nih.gov.2014). After hearing a case named Roe vs. Wade the Supreme Court, abortion was made legal in the United States in 1973. For a very long time, I was against abortion due to lack of information and exposure to other cultures. Because I grow up in a very religious household, the word abortion was definitely not part of the vocabularyRead MoreAbortion : A Common Medical Procedure979 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion remains a common medical procedure in today’s society, even though its rates have steadily dropped since 2000. Studies show that one in three women will have an abortion sometime in their life. There has been a constant religious and political debates between health care and abortion services. Many people believe they shouldn’t have to pay for their own abortion, just like they don’t hav e to pay for their birth control, doctor visits, or dental. This is an accusation that many pro-life peopleRead MoreAbortion Is The Most Common Medical Procedures Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is removing the fetus or embryo from the uterus before it is ready to be born. Spontaneous, which is also referred to as a miscarriage and the purposeful abortion, which is an induced abortion are the two major forms of abortion. Having a professional medical procedure conducted for an induced abortion is the safest way to handle the abortion under the local law. Annually, abortions are the most common medical procedures done in the United States, over 40 percent of women have terminatedRead MoreAbortion And The Social Aspects Of Abortion1683 Words   |  7 Pagesin Australia will have an abortion procedure in their life . Abortion data is only gathered by South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. However, South Australia is the only state to publish data and r eport findings annually. Abortion is a heavy topic which has the nation spilt into two groups; pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life is in favour of the foetus and they believe that by killing the foetus it is equivalent to murder. Pro-choice is for abortion, as they believe that theRead MoreAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 Pages  Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo from the womb before it can survive on its own. surgery has lower risk of side effects. When allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is and has long been one of the safest procedures in medicine. Uncomplicated abortions do not cause any long term mental or physical problems. Every year unsafe abortions cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admissions. Around 44 million abortions occur each year in the world, withRead MoreShould Medical Abortion Be Legal? Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion abortions performed in the U.S., and by the age of 45, 30% of women would have had an abortion. When considering having an abortion, the surgeon must first indicate how many weeks is the patient because there is different procedures for different week stages. Abortion alone is very dangerous, therefore there are many risks that the patient must consider before agreeing to it. First the patient must decide to what type of abortion they want to go with because there is medical abortion and there’sRead MoreSelf-Induced Abortion Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesgoing to the Hospital to get a proper procedure. Immigrant women, like this one, are deciding to abort their own baby instead of leaving the procedure to medical experts. Many consequences arise when immigrant women used different types of methods to abort their child because the fear of deportation or being shun by their community. Immigrant women should leave the abortion method to medical experts regardless of personal problems that might arise later on. Abortion is defined as the removal of a fetus

Hourly Rounding free essay sample

A change that a nurse manager could implement that would help improve patient care is hourly rounding. In order to implement this change successfully, the nurse manager needs to clearly communicate the expectations, and then follow up with good monitoring. When the nurse manager sees the staff meeting the expectations the staff should be acknowledged rewarded/recognized and celebrated. On the other side, if the staff is not meeting the expectations they should be reminded, coached, and counseled. Sticking to the communicated expectations can have powerful results when the nurse manager diligently and consistently puts the plan into practice. Justification to Improve Patient Care and Perspective Theories to Support the Change As a manager an area of change that could improve patient care is hourly rounding. Hourly rounding involves rounding on patients every one to two hours and practicing a series of 8 specific behaviors. There are seven recognized reasons patients use their call bells. We will write a custom essay sample on Hourly Rounding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These seven reasons include bathroom/bedpan assistance (15%), IV/Pump alarm (15%), pain medication (10%), needed a nurse or CNA (9%), position assistance (4%), accidental hits of the call light (13%), miscellaneous reasons (13%). Studies show by using the hourly rounding on patients the percent can decrease by bathroom 40%, pain 35%, positioning 29%, Iv/pump alarms 40%, and miscellaneous 39% (Studer Group, 2010). Hourly rounding is more than just â€Å"checking in† every hour. Once this practice becomes part of the nurse’s workflow, the organization will begin to see decreases in lost charges, incidental overtime, med errors, and an increase in nursing and patient satisfaction. Strategies and Internal and External Need for this Change: The first step to implementing this change is to gather baseline data on falls, hospital acquired decubiti and call light statistics. Falls and decubiti information may be acquired from the quality department, for call lights stats have the unit clerk keep a log on all call light activity for two weeks. This process will allow you to demonstrate the positive outcomes from hourly rounding. Next, explain the rounding process to the nursing staff. Making sure to connect â€Å"why† this is being done and â€Å"why† it matters. Ask nurses how often they are in a patient’s room and then reinforce the difference between â€Å"checking† on a patient and performing the eight behaviors associated with hourly rounding. Some nurses may state that they are in the patient’s rooms often. However, the nurse manager will still receive complaints from patients about not seeing their nurses. Nurses are in some patient’s rooms often, while not being in others rooms at all. Hourly rounding will help to ensure that every patient sees their nurse hourly. Assess the Steps in Hourly Rounding As the hourly rounding is being implemented it is important to recognize and reward the nurses who are consistently performing the hourly rounding behaviors. The eight behaviors are (Studer Group, 2010): 1. Use opening key words to decrease anxiety 2. Perform scheduled tasks 3. Address the â€Å"3 p’s† – pain, potty and position 4. Assess additional comfort needs 5. Conduct environmental assessment 6. Ask â€Å"Is there anything else I can do for you? I have time. † 7. Tell each patient when you will be back 8. Document the process in a rounding log posted in the patients room These behaviors help to create a specific desired outcome. Thank your nurses for incorporating this best practice into their daily routines. Ask the nurses what the positives have been, and are there any barriers that the nurse manager needs to address. The Three Stages to Implementing Hourly Rounds There are three stages to implement changes. They are unfreezing, moving and refreezing (Grohar-Murray Langan, 2011). Unfreezing is the breaking of the old practices and habits. In order to be successful in this stage, the nurse needs time to process the information along with positive motivation as to why this change is needed. The next stage is moving. This step requires reeducation with exactly what is expected during this change, and the tools that will be needed. As the nurse manager, you will need to reinforce how this change will increase patient care and safety. The last stage is refreezing. This stage shows consistent evidence that the change is stable, integrated, and internalized by the staff. The nurse manager  will need to continue to monitor the effectiveness of the change. This can be done by having the unit clerk continue to log the call bells, doing their own rounding on the patients, and evaluating the feedback from the nurses and patients Skills for the Change Agent The skills needed for a change agent are experience, success, respect, and leadership skills, and management competencies (Grohar-Murray Langan, 2011). A change agent is any one who has a positive attitude, communicates the goals of the organization and is willing to get involved to help facilitate these goals. Strategies to Improve Responses to Change Strategies that could be used to improve responses to change could be to continue to educate the nurse on the importance of the change. Another strategy may be to educate the staff on how the change will help to improve patient care and will also give them more time. Make sure to have conversations about what the expectations will be in regards to the extra time the nurses will have. Also, allow them to suggest their ideas, and concerns about the extra time. It is important to identify to each individual nurse how they are doing in the change process. The nurse manager should discuss the positive areas that they are achieving and where they could still improve. This communication will allow the nurse to know where he/she stands in their performance. It also gives the nurse manager a way to document each nurse’s response to the change and identifies which ones need further education and /or reinforcement of the change. Evaluation of the Change of Hourly Rounding Once hourly rounding has been implemented you will need to evaluate the success of the implementation. This can be done through clinical quality, patient satisfaction, and efficiency. The nurse manager should think about where to display the number of days without a fall and without a hospital acquired decubiti, what questions on the patient satisfaction survey will be watched closely to evaluate the success, and when to re-measure the number of call lights to ensure the achievement of the decrease. Once this information has been identified and collected, the nurse manager can present it to the staff. This should be done so that the information resonates to the employee’s. An example could be to show a math equation of how many call lights the unit started with, minus the amount of call lights there are now. Then make this information meaningful by showing how much time was saved and by saving time, how many nurses can now have a 30-minute lunch break! Conclusion Hourly rounds get results. When staff members start seeing the results, they will naturally strive to become even more efficient and effective. Once the staff sees how much happier and healthier their patients are because of hourly rounds, this will increase their enthusiasm. Hopefully, this will make the staff more willing to give other changes a chance, and their organization will keep getting better and better because of these changes.

Aids and Society essays

Aids and Society essays The number of newborns infected by vertical transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus is increasing as the prevalence of HIV-positive women increase within the United States. It is estimated that while seven thousand HIV-positive women become pregnant each year, between one thousand and two thousand of their newborns will be HIV-positive. This research paper will concentrate on the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus from mother to child, the benefits of drugs intervention, and whether or not the HIV-screening process of pregnant women should remain voluntary or become mandatory. The HIV-virus has proven that it is not a disease to be taken lightly or ignored. I chose this topic because I want to be informed about the virus and its rate of vertical transmission so that I will be able to inform others about such ethical topics: Does the baby have rights and should a pregnant women be denied her right to privacy with respect to HIV? Data shows that AIDS is now increasing faster among females than males, with women accounting for seven percent of cases in 1985 and nineteen percent in 1995. The incidences of HIV-positive heterosexual women have risen dramatically over the past decade, and AIDS is now the third leading cause of death among women ages twenty-five to forty-four. The one thing that all of these women have in common is that they all are of child bearing age. Consequently, the incidences of HIV-positive newborns have also increased. As mentioned previously, about seven thousand HIV-infected women give birth each year, and about twenty-five percent of their babies are HIV-positive. Maternal transmission accounted for ninety-two percent of all new AIDS cases reported in children in 1994(Davis15). A major breakthrough in drug intervention began in February 1993. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group administered a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study of zi...

My Fathers Genealogy essays

My Father's Genealogy essays The history and genealogy of my family on my father's side is difficult to write. Not because it is complicated or shrouded in mystery or intrigue, but because there is no written history of it; no documents, no diaries, no letters. What little exists has been passed down verbally from my Dad's grandparents, to his parents, to him and now to me. There are neither records nor communication before my great-grandparent's birth in the very first decade of the 20th century. I asked my Dad how that could be so? He answered somewhat apologetically and almost with "I think it was really three things. They lived through some very trying and tragic times; WWI, WWII, the Holocaust, and after the Second World War, the annexation and occupation by the communist U.S.S.R. Secondly, what little documentation existed was destroyed or lost during or after the trauma of the wars. But most of all, I think that my parents and grandparents just wanted to forget the horrors of their young lives and didn't want to preserve anything to remember their horrible past." But what little my Dad knew, he told me. Our family's immigration was the same as so many other Poles during the 1950's and 1960's; to escape the war- torn-instable nation of Poland for the "City on a hill:" Chicago My Dad was born in Poland in 1960 as was my uncle one year prior in 1959. They grew up in a sleepy farming community in a town called Debrzno, home to 1000 people and "1000 pigs, sheep, and cows" (Marcinkowski). His real name is Wieslaw Grezgorz Marcinkowski; he goes by Greg since as he says, "it's just all so unpronounceable." His mother and father's names are Krystyna and Mieczyslaw or Kristina and Matthew. The whole family grew up quite poor, supporting themselves on a few acres of meager farmland. None of my grandparents or great-grandparents ever received more than a 6t...

Willa Cather Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Willa Cather - Research Paper Example This isolation deprives him the sound of his violin, understanding of his son and keeps him away from his homeland. This deprivation makes Peter feel that suicide is the only solution to his desperation (Willa Cather 11). In Cather’s story, Peter was an immigrant from Bohemia who had settled with his wife and son Anton in Nebraska. Peter was one time a second violist in a Prague theatre, which makes him unable to forget the good days he had at the theatre. He recalled how he used to wear a coat every evening and always had enough alcohol to drink. Later, while still working as a violinist, his bowing arm became partially disabled due to stroke paralysis. This made him quit his job and migrated to America. Peter had a strong believe that he would find a better world to stay. In America, he shared with other European emigrants, and it reached a time when he realized that the barren plains of Nebraska had a different story to tell. In America, he became feckless and was unable to support his own living because of rejecting hard labor. He also became separated from his son (Willa Cather 12). His son Anton represented the second generation of American immigrants. He regarded America as home place, but his father, Peter regarded it as hostile land. Peter’s son was forced to work by material success and forced his father to sell his violin. On the other hand, the story portrayed Peter as a more romantic person, which made him unsuitable to the actuality of the silent plains where there were no great emotions. To Peter, the violin helped remember his life in Bohemian by recalling on the feelings and memories he had while performing on stage. Despite the fact that Peter could not play the violin anymore, he still reflected on the touch he once experienced and the beauty of playing the violin. Peter’s hunger for playing the violin was further amplified when he listened to music, which reminded him of what he experienced daily (Willa Cather 14). While , in Nebraska, Peter’s urge for real experience changed into greed. After his final unsuccessful effort to play the violin he committed suicide. However, before he shot himself, he destroyed his violin to prevent his son Anton from selling the violin. When committing suicide Peter still believed that the world of the unattainable was still within his reach and by committing suicide he would preserve the joy he found in playing the violin. The story points out that Peter had died many times while in the Prague theatre, but his death in Nebraska was the irreversible one. However, the story provides further evidence that suggested that Peter just accepted his defeat (Willa Cather 17). Ardessa by Willa Cather The short story Ardessa by Willa Cather was published in 1918. It narrates of a woman; Ardessa, who worked for The Outcry, which was a weekly magazine. The story describes Ardessa as who was not young, and her looks were not beautiful. She is also described as a woman who ha d good manners and was insinuatingly feminine. Her employer was an immigrant from the west who had engaged in several contradictory issues before becoming the proprietor and editor of the weekly magazine. The employer came into New York and bought a highly respectable publication and made it magazine of protest that was in high demand. The

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of economics - Essay Example Some of the alcoholic drinks are treated as ‘loss leaders’, the drinks whose prices are set below the cost of producing them. This is done to attract more customers. The setting of ‘floor price’ would ensure that a minimum price level is set for the alcoholic drinks and the retailers would be bound to set their prices not below the minimum price level. This is intended to increase price of those drinks in particular whose prices are below the minimum level. With the rise in price, the demand for the drinks is expected to fall thereby floor price setting would act as an effective measure to reduce alcohol abuse. The other contention about this issue is to put a limit on the availability of licenses to the retailers. The lesser the number of retailers, the lesser would be the availability of the alcoholic drinks. Shortage of the commodity would raise its price and people’s ability to purchase would fall (Hou, 2010). However, these solutions bring in other problems. For some binge drinkers alcoholic drinks are giffen goods for which there is less or no substitute. Hence due to a rise in price they would reduce consumption of other goods to maintain the consumption of alcohol at the previous level. Limited supplier of drinks would also bring a similar effect. For the normal drinkers alcohol is a normal good and increase in price of alcohol would impel them to reduce consumption of alcohol but at the same time reduce their purchasing power just as the case of price rise of any normal consumer good (Hou, 2010). Answer: Prescription drugs are normal goods and their quantity demanded increases with fall in price. It has positive income elasticity. Therefore, if the price of prescription drugs rises, the purchasing power of the consumers fall thereby reducing the demand for other goods and services. 3. Formulate a reason why the elasticity of demand is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and why the